In-Situ Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis on Textiles

In-situ AgNP synthesis on textiles reduces silver nitrate (AgNO₃, 5–50 mM) directly on fabric using reducing agents: sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, 10–100 mM, room temperature, 5–15 min) producing 5–10 nm particles, or plant extracts (green synthesis using Aloe vera or tea polyphenols at 50–100°C, 30–60 min) producing 10–40 nm particles. Fiber functional groups (–OH on cotton, –NH₂ on wool, –COOH on oxidized polyester) serve as nucleation and stabilization sites. Silver loading of 100–1,000 ppm achieved in single-step process versus multi-step ex-situ application. Particle distribution uniformity (CV <20%) and size control are critical; polydispersity increases with green synthesis routes. Wash durability of 15–30 cycles at 30°C; fiber-coordinated particles exhibit 2× better retention versus physisorbed particles. Production cost $0.20–0.60/m² including silver recovery from effluent.